Artichoke leaf is a well-established remedy in Europe. It is popularly used for conditions the French call "crise de foie" (liver crises)—in other words, to enhance digestion and detoxification after overindulgence in food and alcohol. It is believed to help support the function of the liver, digestive tract, and biliary system (gallbladder). Traditionally, artichoke leaf has been considered an important depurative ("blood cleanser") that has activity both in the hepatobiliary (liver and gallbladder) and urinary systems. Some clinical research suggests it may be useful in treating digestive disturbances including flatulence, bloating, nausea, constipation, and other symptoms, but better controlled studies are needed to verify preliminary results. Modern research pointing to reductions in cholesterol production and choleretic (bile-stimulating) activity is consistent with these reputations. There is also some research suggesting hepatoprotective (liver protective) effects.